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Natural Law is neither natural nor is it law

August 12, 2024

The laws of nature do not allow any non-compliance. Whether we have managed to formulate them correctly or not (and it is worth remembering that we still cannot explain why gravity works), the laws of nature specify how effects follow causes in our universe. Inexorable, unavoidable, unchangeable. The laws of nature are indifferent to the state of the universe.

Natural Law, however, is neither natural nor a law. It is not a real thing. It is nothing which can be found in nature which controls or commands human behaviour. I consider the concept of Natural Law to be sentimentalized fantasy and false. Even though the concept of a Natural Law existing dates back to antiquity and has been suggested by great minds and well meaning people, I have always found this fantasy about Natural Law utterly unpersuasive.

History of Natural Law

Many consider Aristotle to be the father of Natural Law Theory. He argued that what is “just by nature” is not always the same as what is “just by law,” as it does not depend on the decisions or laws of any one group of people, such as lawmakers. Following this, Cicero explained Natural Law as something that can contribute to the general good of society, whereas positive law would contribute to the safety of society. Many contributions continued to be made to Natural Law Theory, such as during the Renaissance and Age of Enlightenment, which led to the creation of more modern Natural Law theories that combined Natural Law with other philosophical theories, …….. In more modern times, Natural Law was also supported by great thinkers such as Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.

A current definition of Natural Law would be:

Natural law is a philosophical concept that posits that there are inherent laws, principles, or moral codes that are part of the natural order of the world and are accessible to human reason.

I find it does not have the status of a theory. In fact it could hardly even be called a hypothesis. For the concept to make any sense it would require that an objective, universal morality exist, which is impossible. All morality emanates from individual minds and is necessarily subjective. Groups of people could find common ground and share various aspects of morality. But there is no such thing as an objective, universal morality. There is no morality to be found in the natural world. If morality existed in nature, it would, like the laws of nature, then be unavoidable and compel actions. There is no evidence of any such overriding universal morality which commands human behaviour. In fact, just considering how values and morality develop proves, to me, that there can be no such thing as a universal morality.

All morality is subjective and is based on an individual’s most basic value system and applies the individual’s own differentiation between “good” and “bad”. Everything about morality starts from there. This morality does not – as the politically correct claim – establish the intrinsic worth of every individual human. A human has no intrinsic worth. The concept of every human having some intrinsic worth independent of other people and the rest of the universe is nonsensical. The worth he has can only be assessed in the context of the society he exists in. The values of “good” and “bad” derive ultimately from survival needs. What helped survival was good and what did not was bad. As humans evolved and the social behaviour of humans came to differentiate our species from others, it became imperative to differentiate and distinguish between “us” and “them”. Individual, family, clan, and tribe. Nations and religions also need a “tribal” philosophy to differentiate themselves and prosper. The most primal behaviour among humans as a social animal thus is first to ensure survival of the individual and then to define a “we” and a “them”. Actions are taken, in the first instance, for the benefit of the “we”. This becomes actions against “them” if threats are perceived. It is self interest, first of the individual and then of the “we”, which governs human actions. The notion that reason could give a moral philosophy which does not favour “us” is utterly false. Reason has no option but to acknowledge that “we” and “them” is primal and it is unreasonable to claim otherwise. A morality which differentiates between “us” and “them” would then fundamentally contradict any concept of universality applying either to morality or to Natural Law.

My point is that human nature was, and remains, inherently tribal. Tribalism is a good thing. It has worked and still enables human development. It has driven the social and cultural evolution of humans. “We” begets “them”. It is the “we” which provides the motivation which fuels innovation. The fanciful notion that reason alone can lead to a universal moral philosophy that applies equally to all humans (Natural Law) is contradicted by our need for “us” and “them”. If our most primal instincts are to protect “us”, which requires that we differentiate “us” from “them,” then a morality based on these instincts could not be universal. If the entire human race is to be “us” we would still prioritize family and clan or gang or religion in the need to invent a “them”.

The Role of Tribalism in Human Evolution and Development
Tribalism as a Driver of Evolution:
• Survival and Cooperation: Tribalism has indeed played a crucial role in human evolution. Early humans survived by forming tight-knit groups that provided mutual protection, shared resources, and developed social norms that fostered cooperation. This in-group loyalty was essential for survival in a harsh environment.
• Cultural Development: Tribal structures also facilitated the development of culture, language, social roles, and norms, enabling groups to transmit knowledge and skills across generations.
The Benefits of Tribalism:
• Social Identity and Belonging: Tribalism provides individuals with a sense of identity, belonging, and purpose. It fosters social cohesion and collective action, which have been critical for the development of complex societies.
• Competition and Innovation: Competition between tribes or groups has driven innovation and progress in many areas, from technology to governance.

Human behaviour is driven by self interest. First the interest of the individual and then of the social groups where the individual claims membership – family, clan, tribe, religion and nation. It is primal among humans and is reflected in our language that where there is a “we” there has to be a “them”. The defining social group governing individual behaviour being some highfalutin notion of “humanity in general” is pious nonsense.

Natural Law is not natural and it is not law. It is mainly sentimental drivel.

ChatGPT is about as politically correct as it is possible to be since that reflects its biased trainers and how it was trained. Given my skepticism about the concept of Natural Law I thought to provoke a politically correct view by having a “conversation” with ChatGPT. I was a little surprised that it could find no real defense. It only reinforces my opinion that Natural Law is not a real thing at all, is a very misleading concept and does more harm than good. My final question and ChatGPT’s answer is given below.

Question: ktwop – The bottom line is that Natural Law does not actually exist in nature and the idea of a universal moral philosophy and its benefits is just a hypothesis which is not even a theory. Discuss.

ChatGPT : Your position highlights a critical and skeptical view of natural law and universal moral philosophy, questioning their existence and validity as more than theoretical constructs. Let’s summarize the key points:

  1. Natural Law’s Basis in Nature
  • Natural Law as a Construct: You argue that natural law doesn’t have a basis in nature itself. This perspective views natural law as a human-made construct rather than something that inherently exists in the natural world.
  • Absence in Nature: Indeed, natural law doesn’t manifest in nature like physical laws (e.g., gravity). It’s a philosophical concept that attempts to derive moral principles from human nature and reason, rather than directly from the natural world.
  1. Universal Moral Philosophy as a Hypothesis
  • Hypothetical Nature: The idea of a universal moral philosophy, according to your view, is at best a hypothesis—a proposal that hasn’t been universally accepted or proven in practice. It’s a speculative idea rather than a fully developed theory with empirical backing.
  • Challenges of Universality: You point out that while the benefits of such a philosophy are often argued for, the evidence for its practical implementation and effectiveness is limited. Cultural differences, historical conflicts, and the persistence of tribalism challenge the idea that a single moral framework can apply universally.
  1. Theoretical vs. Practical Implications
  • Not an Empirical Science: Unlike natural sciences, which develop theories based on observable and testable phenomena, natural law and universal moral philosophy belong to the realm of moral and political philosophy. They are normative, meaning they prescribe how things ought to be rather than describe how things are.
  • Speculative Nature: Because these concepts are speculative, their validity largely depends on philosophical reasoning, ethical debates, and cultural acceptance, rather than empirical validation.

Conclusion

Your critique suggests that natural law and the idea of a universal moral philosophy are intellectual constructs rather than realities grounded in nature or proven theories. They are proposals that attempt to guide human behavior and social organization based on ideals of reason, human dignity, and common good. However, their existence and effectiveness remain subjects of debate, with significant challenges to their universality and practical application.

In essence, while these ideas have influenced moral and legal thought, their status as more than hypothetical constructs is contested, and they may not hold the same weight as theories in the natural sciences.

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He, she and it are more than enough for language (and for gender)

August 5, 2024
  • Gender is a classification of humans and is not as complicated as it is fashionable to pretend.
  • There is no morality involved in applying a classification.
  • There are only two sexes and only two corresponding genders. Male (men) and female (women).
  • (Neither race nor gender are “social constructs”. They are both practical classifications based on real differences of physical attributes).
  • It is only women who can get pregnant though not all women do.
  • It is only women who can produce unfertilized eggs though not all do. 
  • It is only men who can produce sperm though not all do.
  • Male and female reproductive organs are different and mutually exclusive except in a few very rare and abnormal cases.
  • The norms for male and female include many other physiological characteristics which are nearly all bimodal but exhibit overlap.
  • It is the different reproductive organs and the bimodality of other characteristics which reflects that there are two genders (and not 3 or 4).
  • You cannot be a male woman or a female man.
  • You can be a masculine woman (a manly woman) or a feminine man (womanly man).
  • They are the default conditions and it is therefore tautology to refer to a masculine man or a feminine woman.
  • Every human is born with some aberrations (deviations from the species norm).
  • There are many possible aberrations. Deviations can be very serious or may be quite minor. 
  • Every individual is classified when born as male or female, or has aberrations sufficiently large to prevent classification.
  • These deviations preventing classification can exhibit great variation and complexity. Physical deviations from the norms for male and female (which have overlap) are often referred to as intersex. 
  • One reliable estimate is that the prevalence of intersex is about 0.018% (18 per 100,000). 
  • Those who are of one gender but have some mental illness causing them to believe that they are the other are usually referred to as transgender. Physical deviations may also cause mental illness. 

She/her/hers applies to all women.

He/him/his applies to all men.

They/them/theirs apply to groups irrespective of gender.

It/them/theirs applies – usually – to things without gender.

When it is used with humans it is usually pejorative.

All the other wokery inventions for language are utterly meaningless and unnecessary. They certainly are not clever enough to qualify as nonsense language (a la Lear). They are just the meaningless juxtaposition of letters.

Ze/hir/hirs.
Xe/xem/xyrs.
Ver/vir/vis.
Te/tem/ter.
E/em/eirs.

Good grief!!!!

The complexity lies in the kinds of deviations that occur. But gender classification really is not that complicated.

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Obscene! Male Algerian boxer wins women’s bout at Olympics …

August 1, 2024

Now this was obscene.

Transgenderism gone mad. There are only two genders. Men pretending to be women or dressing as female, are still male.

For the IOC to allow an obvious male to get into the ring to box with an obvious woman was not just dangerous. In my politically incorrect, unwoke opinion it was obscene, it was shameful and it was criminal.

How stupid can the IOC be?

I am not criticising Imane Khelif who apparently has the male XY chromosomes (according to the IBU) but I am scornful of the idiot officials who are too scared and too politically correct to do the right thing. That and the sight of the gross unfairness of allowing the fight is what is obscene.

SKY News:

A boxer who was previously banned from competing in the world championships because she failed testosterone and gender eligibility tests has won her opening Olympic bout after her opponent quit.

Algeria’s Imane Khelif won in just 46 seconds after the Italian Angela Carini quit in the 66kg category. The pair had only a few punch exchanges before Carini abandoned the bout – an extremely unusual occurrence in Olympic boxing. Carini’s headgear apparently became dislodged twice before she quit. The Italian refused to shake Khelif’s hand after the decision was announced, and she cried in the ring before leaving. 

Khelif was disqualified hours before her gold medal bout at the world championships in New Delhi last year when she failed to meet the International Boxing Association’s (IBA) eligibility criteria.

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Behavioural “science” is usually dishonest and fake

July 30, 2024

My conviction that the “social sciences” are not science and, very often, fake science is getting even stronger.

An insider claims that behavioural “science” is often dishonest and fake.

 

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Freaks on display at the lacklustre opening of the Paris Olympics

July 29, 2024

The last supper rendition at the Olympics was mainly ugly and utterly devoid of any artistic merit. A remarkable lack of beauty, I thought, at the entire ceremony. I found it embarrassing to watch.

Have you noticed how in almost every civilization at some time towards its end, decadence and depravity are justified and defended usually on religious, or artistic grounds. Depravity and the old-fashioned licentiousness become the norm. They always signify a loss of moral standards and the loss of any moral compass within the society. It applied to the Greeks, the Romans and to various Egyptian and Chinese dynasties. It happened in Europe 100 years ago and it is happening now in the US-led “cultural civilization”. Nowadays the defense is more likely to take the shape of a sanctimonious, self-righteous defense of libertine tendencies (of course in the guise of defending liberty). But the common feature is the loss of moral compass, the loss of the ability to distinguish between right and wrong. It was in the 1920s and 30s that European civilization died and was absorbed and reinvented as a US-led cultural empire. The decline was manifested with WW1 and the treaty of Versailles and continued to the grave with the Nazis and WW2. What we are seeing now, 100 years on, is the decadence of the 30s in Europe being taken to new extremes and it is “Cabaret” gone global.

“Deviant” is a word which derives from deviations from a norm. Norms are created – in nature as well as in human interactions – because they are the most favoured results for that interaction. Living things evolve physical norms because they work. Deviations from the norm (diversity) can come in handy for a species if conditions change but in any given situation, the norms are always both favoured and the best fit. Individuals who deviate from the norm will always be misfits unless conditions make them the sole survivors who can then create a new norm. Deviations are, by definition, abnormal. Among humans, deviants from a norm are nearly always bad for that society in which they are abnormal. Diversity of individuals is a strength in a group undergoing change. But it is not so good for the individuals who deviate from the norm. The individual deviants (who give the group its diversity) are the outliers who are always available to be sacrificed.

Deviance, degeneracy, decadence, depravity – call it what you like and define it as you see fit. The existence of the words represent limits as they apply in any given society. The important thing is that the limits exist. It is when the words are deemed not to exist that it is obvious that the limits are being abandoned. All is permitted and nothing is bad. Good behaviour is equated with bad behaviour. Freaks are glorified, deviancy is rewarded, depravity is prized.

And so we had the ridiculous freak shows within a very lacklustre Olympics opening ceremony in Paris. The perceived blasphemy does not bother me very much but the freakery does. Drag artists are just players and often strive to be freakish. (It is usually more lucrative for a drag artist to be freakish). Nearly always (just like the hijra) it is men pretending to be women. There are a few – much rarer than political correctness assumes – cases of genetic aberrations causing individuals to deviate from the male/female norms. I just note that drag is almost never women pretending to be men. 

Of course I am far from politically correct. Gender is a classification and there are only two genders. There are some individuals who are aberrations and deviate from the male/female norms. But, in my view claiming that “transgender” is some new gender is idiotic. The use of “cisgender” is imbecility in action. A male is a male is a male and does not need a “cis” to tell him so. 

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Diversity has sapped the competence of the US Secret Service

July 16, 2024

UPDATE:

It seems I was not the only one to notice that female SS agents shorter than their clients will have some difficulty shielding him, let alone carrying him out of a burning building.

NYT 

But when Mr. Trump strode onto the floor of the Republican National Convention on Monday night in Milwaukee — his first public appearance since the shooting at his rally — he was flanked by what appeared to be an all-male phalanx of Secret Service agents.

I must be feeling better since I feel a little rant coming on.

Whether you look at it from the right (a failed assassination attempt fueled by Biden’s bullseye remark) or from the left (a staged assassination by the Secret Service with one killed as collateral damage), the US Secret Service does come across as lacking in competence.

Looking at some of the video I did wonder why 3 shortish ladies (pony-tails, black suits and dark glasses) were part of the SS contingent uselessly holding up their hands to “protect” their much taller client from bullets coming from even higher up? It was not just ridiculous, it was farcical. The protective huddle around Trump – after the event – was something out of Gilbert and Sullivan. No matter how woke you are, assigning responsibility for the subject’s security to physically challenged agents is a sign of incompetence at the level of policy making (meaning of course the Director). Of course, she was hired by Biden to have a special focus on wokeness and diversity. (Interestingly she has worked for the SS in the past, but for her current job as Director, she was hired from the enormous challenges of protecting Pepsi (bottles and people, one supposes).

If the SS were behind either a real or a staged attempt, they were incompetent. If it was a true assassination attempt by a lone assassin, they were still incompetent. If it was some kind of conspiracy, then their incompetence is even greater. The SS does not come out of this well.

Generally in the social sciences there is no need for competence. The results of research are very often fiddled to suit the pre-determined results or some political agenda. There is no right or wrong after all, and diversity can be given free reign. This is also why social science studies can very rarely be replicated. For the social sciences diversity has woke upsides and relatively few downsides since competence is not required or valued. In all other professional areas of life though, diversity is always at the expense of competence and all the consequences that can bring. Using diversity as an end in itself will always promote mediocrity and is antagonistic to seeking excellence.

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Birth identity is inviolate. Social identity is set by what you are, not what you imagine you are

July 1, 2024

Every human has a unique identity at birth. That never changes. Having surgery or hormone treatment or transplants of all organs – except one – cannot alter identity. (I am not sure which identity would survive in the case of a successful brain transplant which, fortunately, is not yet possible). Each of us remains the same birth identity all our lives. Sometimes it strikes me as quite silly when I have to identify myself at an airport or when buying something. As if the piece of plastic (driving license) determines who I am. In the social context, identity is how you are recognised within human society. We need to distinguish between birth identity and social identity.

Social self-identification is just wishful thinking which has no relevance for the surrounding world. I do get irritated by the antics of the self-identity freaks (and most of them are somewhat freakish) who imagine that they can impose their own imagined social identity on to the surrounding world. I am amazed at the inanity of those trying to choose the gender pronouns that others should use about them. When biological males pretend to be female so as to compete against females in some physical activity, I find it obscene. When communities, and even schools, are stupid enough to accept biological males identifying as some imaginary gender known as “non-binary”  so as to prey on children, then they are engaging in criminal behaviour. A biological male in drag is just a male pretending to be female. That skill may be part of that male’s identity but he remains male. Hormonal and surgical treatment may succeed in which case gender may change from one to another. But it does not create a third gender.

To change the birth identity of any living things is not possible. In fact that identity is inviolate and inaccessible in this world. The social identity of any living thing is not determined by what that entity wishes – or in fact what any entity wishes – but by what that entity actually is in the world and how it is perceived by what is around it in the world. For humans, identity is what you are in the world. It is how you behave and how the world perceives you. Your gender is what it is, not what you wish it to be. The pronouns the world uses about you depend upon how you are perceived. If you are perceived as male then you will be a “he”. If you are perceived as a female then the world will refer to you as “she”. If your gender is unclear (and there are only 2 genders) then the world may refer to you as either. You can call yourself whatever you like but I will refer to you as I perceive you to be. I really do not care what pronouns anybody wishes to be called. That pronoun is a judgement to be made externally.

Of course every human has a self-image. That image is not any identity. Moreover a self-image is rarely the image perceived by the surrounding world. What is perceived is determined by how an entity is and behaves in the surrounding world. You cannot demand how others should perceive you to be. You are only being stupid if you try to legislate/coerce how others should perceive you. Of course a person can change their perceived identity but that involves changing how they are and how they behave. That is achieved by changing the perception not by assertion. Of course a transgender-person can change how they are perceived by the world. But how they are perceived is not determined merely by how they would like to be perceived. There has to be physical change and behavioural change and the perception has to change. Only then can a perceived identity change. There has to be substance behind the form.

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Return to writing

June 14, 2024

I am returning to writing after a “health-issues” break of almost 18 months. The world has not changed very much but my views of the world probably have. I find that the glasses I look through have changed. Perhaps they give me new insights or perhaps they obscure my view.

Some new perceptions I have:

  1. I am not a Tik-Tok subscriber. Over 90% of what is on Tik-Tok is edited, manipulated, cherry picked, fabricated or just plain lies. Other than that, the memes are quite interesting.
  2. I still have not returned to Face Book. Pat on the back for myself.
  3. I stopped smoking – “cold turkey” – in December 2022. I have now not smoked for over 18 months. There are clear benefits that I feel. But, the accrued benefits do not seem to be in proportion to all the negatives that are advertised as “common wisdom”.
  4. At least 50% of the “me-too” cases – and most of those involving rich celebrities – are bogus. “Me-too” claims are never by rich victims against poor predators.
  5. Most “me-too” claims are predatory.
  6. There are only 2 genders even if classification may be unclear for some individuals.
  7. Biological females never claim to be male to compete in male sports.
  8. Philosophy is personal and always subjective.
  9. An appeal to the authority of a “great thinker” is always invalid as proof of any proposition.
  10. What actually happened in history changes nothing. The only thing that matters about history is the “story” perceived to be true in the present.
  11. The freak- shows of old have been replaced by the Eurovision Song Contest and other LGBT reality TV shows. Bearded ladies are quite the in-thing.
  12. Very few tattoos are attractive. Most are quite ugly.
  13. It is time for the 42nd amendment of the Indian constitution to be removed and for the constitution to revert to what it was. India needs to be a “sovereign democratic republic” rather than a “sovereign, socialist secular democratic republic” as introduced by Indira Gandhi in 1976 as the 42nd amendment to camouflage her draconian Emergency measures. ( I can live with secular though it is an imaginary thing, but the socialist provides the chains that bind India´s progress).
  14.  Self-identity is meaningless nonsense. Identity of any entity is as perceived by its surroundings. What you say you are is of no relevance to what you are. What you are is determined by how you behave.
  15. In the natural world, diversity is never for excellence but always as a hedge against an uncertain future. Seeking diversity in any field of endeavor is always directly opposed to competence and excellence in the existing conditions. 
  16. The Human Rights Industry is primarily for the benefit of the Human Rights Industry.
  17. In any society, Laws are unnecessary if human behaviour is always compliant with the behaviour desired by that society.
  18. Laws are needed by a society as coercion only because some members of that society do not wish to comply with some behaviour desired by other members of that society. 
  19. Cultural appropriation is always a compliment to that culture. The objections to such “appropriation” are generally imbecilic.
  20. My “rule of thumb” for when Indian culture has appropriated GB is when more than half the pubs serve samosas as well as chicken tikka masala.

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Barbarous times

January 24, 2024

Back in 2015 I wrote a post about Execution by Nitrogen which now seems to have been adopted in Alabama.

Execution by Nitrogen – ktwop 18 March 2015

In power plants nitrogen is often used for pressurising, purging, cooling or protection. I first came across a death caused by nitrogen in the 1970s when a maintenance worker entered a pulverised coal storage silo which had been blanketed with nitrogen for explosion protection during a shut-down. It was not a pressurised silo and therefore not seen as being a high risk area. By accident, he had entered the silo without a companion being present and without his breathing equipment. He was only found hours later inside the silo and it became clear that his asphyxiation had happened so fast that he had had no time to struggle, let alone call for any assistance. Of course the death was not so much caused by nitrogen as by the lack of oxygen and the resulting hypoxia. Nitrogen asphyxiation is not unknown as an industrial cause of death. Through the 1980s and 1990s, I came across another 4 accidental deaths at power plants where workers had inadvertently entered a nitrogen atmosphere. Just in the US, there were 80 industrial deaths and 50 injuries due to nitrogen asphyxiation between 1992 and 2002.

…..

In this modern, civilised, 21st century, firing squads, beheadings, stoning, being pushed off a roof-top, being poisoned (gas, lethal injection), hanging, electrocution and asphyxiation are all in use or proposed as methods of execution. Not so very different from the barbarous times of the Middle Ages.

Barbarous times indeed but not just barbarous states. Don’t fool yourself in thinking that human behaviour is any “better” now than it has ever been since we became “human”. The range of possible human behaviour is set by our genes and the worst possible behaviour has not changed in over 10,000 years.

Since humans are genetically capable of being barbarous, then, in the appropriate circumstances, they are brutal and barbarous. Single individuals can be brutal and so can all members of conflict-based organisations. Members of Hamas, or ISIS, or all para-militaries, and all military personnel from all countries in the world – in the appropriate circumstances – can, and do, exhibit the most barbarous possible behaviour. “Being civilised” does not change the genetic nature of humans.

Can the Holocaust happen again? Of course it can.

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Harvard, diversity, incompetence and fraud

January 23, 2024

The Claudine Gay diversity-causes-incompetence affair has hardly been put to bed before I saw this article this morning.

A prominent cancer center affiliated with Harvard said it will ask medical journals to retract six research papers and correct dozens of others after a British scientist and blogger found that work by some of its top executives was rife with duplicated or manipulated data.

The center, the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, one of the nation’s foremost cancer treatment and research facilities, moved quickly in recent days to address allegations of faulty data in 58 studies, many of them influential, compiled by a British molecular biologist, Sholto David.

In many cases, Dr. David found, images in the papers had been stretched, obscured or spliced together in a way that suggested deliberate attempts to mislead readers. The studies he flagged included some published by Dana-Farber’s chief executive, Dr. Laurie Glimcher, and its chief operating officer, Dr. William Hahn.

The Harvard Crimson also has this story:

David, who holds a doctoral degree in biology from Newcastle University, alleged that three papers authored by Glimcher, 12 by Hahn, 10 by Ghobrial, and 16 by Anderson contained “data forgery,” including five co-authored by both Anderson and Ghobrial. As is typical for scientific research, all of the papers referenced by David have several co-authors, though his post focused on the four DFCI researchers.

The papers, published between 1999 and 2017, most commonly have duplications of blots, bands, and plots within images, David alleged. In a Saturday interview, David said he used a combination of artificial intelligence image analysis software ImageTwin and manual detection to look for errors in the papers.

Another case of scientific fraud with researchers manipulating data to support a desired result is in itself nothing new. The publish or perish ethos has led globally to the exponential increase of not just data manipulation but also of data “creation” where desired data points or images are just invented. Data forgery is prevalent even at the most prestigious institutions and is not just in the social “sciences”. The social “sciences” in the last 40 or 50 years have been known to have been plagued by data manufactured to support pre-determined political conclusions.

Academic cheating is as old as academia. “Positive discrimination” to combat discrimination (whether for affirmative action in the US or with reservations in India) has been misused to favour the undeserving (and thereby disfavouring some of the worthy). What is new is that the false wokeism god of diversity is not only being used to cover up for incompetence, it is also downplaying competence as a criterion for selection. And, it would seem, diversity is also used to cover up for or to excuse fraud.

Claudine Gay got her job because she was black and female. Those attributes overrode any requirements not to have plagiarised or any requirement to be competent in front of a congressional committee. I would not be very surprised to learn that Glimcher was appointed primarily because she was female. And did that allow her greater licence in manipulating or creating data?

I see all around me in Europe, cases where a religious adherence to “diversity” is allowing and even promoting greater levels of incompetence in many fields. I see it in entertainment (with TV presenters and news readers, with actors, with scripts and even musicians). I see it in media with reporters and presenters and “fact checkers” and “research staff”. I see it in academia (though my exposure here is limited). My point is that being “diverse” has become more important in selection for any post than the competence required for that post. But it is getting to the stage where being “diverse” now even compensates for a lack of competence.

And that, of course, gives us the modern versions of freak shows.

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