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Carbon dioxide lags temperature

September 3, 2012

A new paper again confirming that the theory that carbon dioxide leads global temperature is misconceived.

” Changes in global atmospheric CO2 are lagging 9.5-10 months behind changes in global air surface temperature. CO2 released from use of fossil fuels have little influence on the observed changes in the amount of atmospheric CO2.” 

The phase relation between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature

by Ole Humlum, Kjell Stordahl, Jan-Erik Solheim, Global and Planetary Change

Abstract

Using data series on atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperatures we investigate the phase relation (leads/lags) between these for the period January 1980 to December 2011. Ice cores show atmospheric CO2variations to lag behind atmospheric temperature changes on a century to millennium scale, but modern temperature is expected to lag changes in atmospheric CO2, as the atmospheric temperature increase since about 1975 generally is assumed to be caused by the modern increase in CO2. In our analysis we use eight well-known datasets; 1) globally averaged well-mixed marine boundary layer CO2 data, 2) HadCRUT3 surface air temperature data, 3) GISS surface air temperature data, 4) NCDC surface air temperature data, 5) HadSST2 sea surface data, 6) UAH lower troposphere temperature data series, 7) CDIAC data on release of anthropogene CO2, and 8) GWP data on volcanic eruptions. Annual cycles are present in all datasets except 7) and 8), and to remove the influence of these we analyze 12-month averaged data. We find a high degree of co-variation between all data series except 7) and 8), but with changes in CO2 always lagging changes in temperature. The maximum positive correlation between CO2 and temperature is found for CO2 lagging 11–12 months in relation to global sea surface temperature, 9.5-10 months to global surface air temperature, and about 9 months to global lower troposphere temperature. The correlation between changes in ocean temperatures and atmospheric CO2 is high, but do not explain all observed changes.

Highlights

► The overall global temperature change sequence of events appears to be from 1) the ocean surface to 2) the land surface to 3) the lower troposphere.

►Changes in global atmospheric CO2 are lagging about 11–12 months behind changes in global sea surface temperature.

► Changes in global atmospheric CO2 are lagging 9.5-10 months behind changes in global air surface temperature. Changes in global atmospheric CO2 are lagging about 9 months behind changes in global lower troposphere temperature.

► Changes in ocean temperatures appear to explain a substantial part of the observed changes in atmospheric CO2 since January 1980.

► CO2 released from use of fossil fuels have little influence on the observed changes in the amount of atmospheric CO2, and changes in atmospheric CO2 are not tracking changes in human emissions.

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Apocalypse Not!

August 18, 2012

I have a theory that within a hundred years we will be bemoaning the lack of world population. The collapse of society will be forecast as an impending catastrophe as the total world population stabilises at less than 10 billion with the proportion of the young working population decreasing relative to the increasing numbers of the “leisured” population.  And that apocalypse too shall not come to pass.

Matt Ridley has a new essay in Wired which needs to be read. Just some excerpts below:

Apocalypse Not: Here’s Why You Shouldn’t Worry About End Times

When the sun rises on December 22, as it surely will, do not expect apologies or even a rethink. No matter how often apocalyptic predictions fail to come true, another one soon arrives. And the prophets of apocalypse always draw a following—from the 100,000 Millerites who took to the hills in 1843, awaiting the end of the world, to the thousands who believed in Harold Camping, the Christian radio broadcaster who forecast the final rapture in both 1994 and 2011. ………

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The “luminiferous aether” has morphed to “dark matter” but we still don’t know why an apple falls…

August 12, 2012

A new paper claims to have found evidence of dark matter near the sun.

“We are 99% confident that there is dark matter near the Sun,” says the lead author Silvia Garbari. In fact, if anything, the authors’ favoured dark matter density is a little high: they find more dark matter than expected at 90% confidence. There is a 10% chance that this is merely a statistical fluke, but if future data confirms this high value the implications are exciting as Silvia explains: “This could be the first evidence for a “disc” of dark matter in our Galaxy, as recently predicted by theory and numerical simulations of galaxy formation, or it could mean that the dark matter halo of our galaxy is squashed, boosting the local dark matter density.”

But I cannot help thinking that “dark matter” and “dark energy” are no different  conceptually to the theories of phlogiston and luminiferous aether . They are plausible artefacts created to explain observations but are not themselves observable. I am not particularly convinced when

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AGW – “a monopoly that clings to one hypothesis”

August 6, 2012

Michael Crichton (2003): “There is no such thing as consensus science. If it’s consensus, it isn’t science. If it’s science, it isn’t consensus. Period.”

Matt Ridley’s 3rd article on confirmation bias in the Wall Street Journal:

I argued last week that the way to combat confirmation bias—the tendency to behave like a defense attorney rather than a judge when assessing a theory in science—is to avoid monopoly. So long as there are competing scientific centers, some will prick the bubbles of theory reinforcement in which other scientists live.

image

image : Wall Street Journal – John S. Dykes

Last month saw two media announcements of preliminary new papers on climate. One, by a team led by physicist Richard Muller of the University of California, Berkeley, concluded “the carbon dioxide curve gives a better match than anything else we’ve tried” for the (modest) 0.8 Celsius-degree rise in global average temperatures over land during the past half-century—less, if ocean is included. He may be right, but such curve-fitting reasoning is an example of confirmation bias. The other, by a team led by the meteorologist Anthony Watts, a skeptical gadfly, confirmed its view that the Muller team’s numbers are too high—because “reported 1979-2008 U.S. temperature trends are spuriously doubled” by bad thermometer siting and unjustified “adjustments.” …

…. The late novelist Michael Crichton, in his prescient 2003 lecture criticizing climate research, said: “To an outsider, the most significant innovation in the global-warming controversy is the overt reliance that is being placed on models…. No longer are models judged by how well they reproduce data from the real world—increasingly, models provide the data. As if they were themselves a reality.” ….

….. Bring on the gadflies.

The late Michael Crichton’s lecture in 2003 is well worth reading again.

Crichton’s lecture is here: Crichton 2003 Caltech Michelin Lecture

On “consensus science” he has this to say:

I want to pause here and talk about this notion of consensus, and the rise of what has been called consensus science. I regard consensus science as an extremely pernicious development that ought to be stopped cold in its tracks. Historically, the claim of consensus has been the first refuge of scoundrels; it is a way to avoid debate by claiming that the matter is already settled. Whenever you hear the consensus of scientists agrees on something or other, reach for your wallet, because you’re being had.

Let’s be clear: the work of science has nothing whatever to do with consensus. Consensus is the business of politics. Science, on the contrary, requires only one investigator who happens to be right, which means that he or she has results that are verifiable by reference to the real world. In science consensus is irrelevant. What is relevant is reproducible results. The greatest scientists in history are great precisely because they broke with the consensus.

There is no such thing as consensus science. If it’s consensus, it isn’t science. If it’s science, it isn’t consensus. Period.

In addition, let me remind you that the track record of the consensus is nothing to be proud of. Let’s review a few cases. ……

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Reported 1979-2008 U.S. temperature trends are spuriously doubled by NOAA

July 29, 2012

1. Anthony Watts has a new publication

This pre-publication draft paper, titled An area and distance weighted analysis of the impacts of station exposure on the U.S. Historical Climatology Network temperatures and temperature trends, is co-authored by Anthony Watts of California, Evan Jones of New York, Stephen McIntyre of Toronto, Canada, and Dr. John R. Christy from the Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Alabama, Huntsville.

A reanalysis of U.S. surface station temperatures has been performed using the recently WMO-approved Siting Classification System devised by METEO-France’s Michel Leroy. The new siting classification more accurately characterizes the quality of the location in terms of monitoring long-term spatially representative surface temperature trends. The new analysis demonstrates that reported 1979-2008 U.S. temperature trends are spuriously doubled, with 92% of that over-estimation resulting from erroneous NOAA adjustments of well-sited stations upward. The paper is the first to use the updated siting system which addresses USHCN siting issues and data adjustments.

The new improved assessment, for the years 1979 to 2008, yields a trend of +0.155C per decade from the high quality sites, a +0.248 C per decade trend for poorly sited locations, and a trend of +0.309 C per decade after NOAA adjusts the data. ……

2. Massive Human CO2 Emissions Still Unable To Reverse Nature’s Global Cooling Over Last 15 Years

Hadcrut global cooling co2 ipcc climate models global warming june 2012

CO2 and temperature

 

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Further confirmation that carbon dioxide lags temperature by hundreds of years

July 24, 2012

I find the blithe assumption – based on supposition and without any evidence – that carbon dioxide has any significant impact on climate, perhaps the most irritating part of the politically correct global warming dogma. I have no objection to it being a hypothesis but it is not rational to take such an hypothesis as fact just  “because there is no other explanation”. In fact, solar effects provide most of the “missing” explanation but since solar effects cannot be put down to man and clearly this is politically incorrect!!

Historical data of ice ages shows that carbon dioxide changes lag temperature changes and previously it seemed that the lag might be as long as 700 – 1000 years. Researchers from the University of Copenhagen have published a new paper. The paper suggests that the lag was more likely a few hundred years and less than 400 years. But lag it was. I draw two main conclusions:

  1. That carbon dioxide variations in the past were primarily caused by temperature changes and not the other way around, and
  2. That the degassing of the oceans following a temperature rise caused an increase in carbon dioxide  in just a few hundred years.

Of course this does not prove that increasing carbon dioxide emissions cannot influence temperature. But what it does show is that the primary link between temperature and CO2  is that temperature leads CO2 concentration.

Given that

  1. there have been no “temperature runaways” in the past where the subsequent increase of  CO2 concentration has provided a positive feedback to the initial temperature rise and
  2. given that in any system which tends to an equilibrium the effect tends to neutralise the cause,

I find it more plausible that increasing CO2 concentration may well have contributed to neutralising the temperature increase which caused the CO2 emission in the first place.

The greatest climate change the world has seen in the last 100,000 years was the transition from the ice age to the warm interglacial period. New research from the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen indicates that, contrary to previous opinion, the rise in temperature and the rise in the atmospheric CO2 follow each other closely in terms of time. The results have been published in the scientific journal, Climate of the Past. …

It had previously been thought that as the temperature began to rise at the end of the ice age approximately 19,000 years ago, an increase in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere followed with a delay of up to 1,000 years.

“Our analyses of ice cores from the ice sheet in Antarctica shows that the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere follows the rise in Antarctic temperatures very closely and is staggered by a few hundred years at most,” explains Sune Olander Rasmussen, Associate Professor and centre coordinator at the Centre for Ice and Climate at the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen.

Tightened constraints on the time-lag between Antarctic temperature and CO2during the last deglaciation by J. B. Pedro, S. O. Rasmussen, and T. D. van Ommen Clim. Past, 8, 1213-1221, 2012

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Higgs Boson may not have been found after all. Just a PR exercise?

July 12, 2012

Is this some new way to ensure that funding continues?

First some very high profile publicity to announce some fantastic new discovery – which then gradually gets debunked over the next few months but at a much lower level of interest. But the initial high-profile announcements probably help to maintain the perceptions necessary to ensure funding. The low profile debunking does not register. It seems to be getting to be a habit for CERN.

Last September the CERN PR apparatus went into overdrive with the announcements that FTL neutrinos may have been found. FTL particles were announced with great fanfare only to be debunked later. And by November the story had died but the publicity had no doubt helped to bolster the perception that CERN is important.

A few days ago the CERN PR operations went into full swing. Advance warnings of an “Important Announcement” were disseminated widely. Background information was spread to all the media. Physicists around the world were interviewed about what the Higgs Boson was and what the discovery would mean. It was not long before the new “discovery” was being hailed as “the most important scientific discovery of the 21st Century, and on par with Copernicus’s discovery that the sun is the center of our solar system”.  And now just one week later it appears that whatever was found may not be the Higgs Boson and may not even be a separate particle at all.

I am naturally cynical about the extravagant trappings that sometimes surround “big science” but lately CERN’s PR seems more impressive than any physics they do:

CERN PR in action: Rolf Heuer, CERN Director General (C), Fabiola Gianotti, ATLAS experiment spokesperson (L), and Joe Incandela, a spokesman of the CMS experiment, look at a screen during a scientific seminar to deliver the latest update in the search for the Higgs boson at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Meyrin near Geneva July 4, 2012. REUTERS/Denis Balibouse

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Solar influence confirmed by new high-res reconstruction of 2000 years of climate in northern Europe

July 10, 2012

It’s the sun of course and it cannot be ignored – even by the IPCC.

A new paper in Nature Climate Change shows that

“Solar insolation changes, resulting from long-term oscillations of orbital configurations, are an important driver of Holocene climate.

The forcing is substantial over the past 2,000 years, up to four times as large as the 1.6 W m−2 net anthropogenic forcing since 1750, but the trend varies considerably over time, space and with season. Using numerous high-latitude proxy records, slow orbital changes have recently been shown to gradually force boreal summer temperature cooling over the common era. Here, we present new evidence based on maximum latewood density data from northern Scandinavia, indicating that this cooling trend was stronger (−0.31 °C per 1,000 years, ±0.03 °C) than previously reported, and demonstrate that this signature is missing in published tree-ring proxy records. The long-term trend now revealed in maximum latewood density data is in line with coupled general circulation models indicating albedo-driven feedback mechanisms and substantial summer cooling over the past two millennia in northern boreal and Arctic latitudes. These findings, together with the missing orbital signature in published dendrochronological records, suggest that large-scale near-surface air-temperature reconstructions relying on tree-ring data may underestimate pre-instrumental temperatures including warmth during Medieval and Roman times.

Orbital forcing of tree-ring data by Jan Esper, David C. Frank, Mauri Timonen, Eduardo Zorita, Rob J. S. Wilson, Jürg Luterbacher, Steffen Holzkämper, Nils Fischer, Sebastian Wagner, Daniel Nievergelt, Anne Verstege & Ulf Büntgen Nature Climate Change (2012) doi:10.1038/nclimate1589 

Received 27 March 2012  Accepted 15 May 2012  Published online 08 July 2012

image Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU)

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Chinese astronauts to launch on Saturday

June 15, 2012

Three Chinese astronauts, Liu Yang, Jing Haipeng and Liu Wang will launch at 1237 GMT on Saturday in a Shenzhou 9 spacecraft to dock with the orbiting Tiangong 1 space “station” (module) now orbiting 322 kilometers  above the Earth.

(Updated with new image below).

Liu Yang, China's first female astronaut, at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre in Gansu province on Friday.

Liu Yang, China’s first female astronaut, at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre in Gansu province on Friday. Photo AP

China Daily: The impending launch of the manned Shenzhou IX spacecraft will be the first time that China’s astronauts will stay in space for more than 10 days, said Cui Jijun, chief commander of the country’s first space docking mission’s launch site system, on Wednesday. The previous record is five days, set by the Shenzhou VI spacecraft in 2005.

The mission will also complete the country’s first manned space docking to master thenecessary technology for assembling a space station, see China’s first female astronaut in space and have astronauts entering a space lab module for the first time, he added.

It is also the first time for the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, located in a desert, to conduct a mission in the summer. The past nine launches of China’s manned space program were held in the spring, autumn and winter, but not summer. The three manned spacecraft all blasted off in autumn. 

Xinhua: China succeeded in the automatic docking between Shenzhou-8 spacecraft and Tiangong-1 lab module last year. A manual docking between Shenzhou-9 and Tiangong-1 will be attempted this time. …….  a female astronaut will be included in a space mission for the first time in China’s space program, the selection, training, medical monitoring and security, and flight crew equipment for female astronauts will also be tested.

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

Tiangong-1 Heavenly-Palace Chinese-space-station

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Posted in China, Science, Space | 3 Comments »

Before we were apes we were sharks

June 14, 2012

A new paper in Nature suggests that before we were apes we were fish and not just any old fish. The primitive fish which predates the split between sharks and bony fish, Acanthodes bronni was the common ancestor of all jawed vertebrates on Earth – including mankind, according to the paper. The split with bony fish occurred some 420 million years ago and Acanthodes bronni disappeared some 250 million years ago.

The researchers  re-examined fossils of Acanthodes bronni, the best-preserved acanthodian species. They created highly detailed latex moulds of specimens revealing the inside and outside of the skull, generating a  new data set for assessing cranial and jaw anatomy as well as the organizations of sensory, circulatory and respiratory systems in the species. The analysis of the sample combined with recent CT scans of skulls from early sharks and bony fishes led to the reassessment of what Acanthodes bronni tells us about the history of jawed vertebrates.

Acanthodes bronni : Wikipedia

Acanthodes and shark-like conditions in the last common ancestor of modern gnathostomes

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